Kimia

Sabtu, 10 November 2012

Chemical Relationship to Education


CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Chemistry is a branch of science that studies the material, composition of matter, properties of matter, and matter and energy changes that accompany these changes. This chemistry has been growing rapidly since time immemorial. Every scientists are racing to create something new up until now has been a lot of discoveries that are useful in everyday life (Erwan, 2012).
Today, the chemical often used as an applied science are more likely to be used as a method of processing the material. However, for most people who are interesting and processing is not a theory of the chemistry itself.
In this paper, we describe the origin or history of chemistry, its parts and how the role of chemistry in education so that we could be closer to chemistry. In Basic Chemistry One, has been described in a book compiled by Theodore L. Brown (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), H. Eugene Lemay, JR (University of Nevada, Reno), Bruce E. Bursten (University of Tennessee, Knoxville), Catherine J. Murphy (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), and Patrick M. Woodward (The Ohio State University) entitled "Chemistry The Central Science" has made it clear how important chemistry is not just in the world of industry and technology, but also in education.
The paper is structured to give attention to the development of chemistry in the field of education. In addition, to add insight to the reader to be more aware branches of existing general and special chemistry.

1.2 Problem Formulation
The formulation of the problem in this paper is as follows:
1. How is the development of chemistry in science education?
2. What are the general and specific areas contained in chemistry?
3. What should be done to address developments in the science of chemistry education is growing?
1.3 Objectives
The purpose of making this paper is as follows:
1. Knowing the chemical developments in science education.
2. Can find general and specific fields contained in the chemical sciences.
3. Knowing the right attitude to cope with developments in the science of chemistry education is growin



CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

Chemistry (from Arabic: كيمياء, transliteration: Kimiya = change of objects / substances or Greek: χημεία, transliteration: khemeia) is the study of the composition, structure, and properties or materials from atomic to molecular scale, and change or transformation and interaction them to form material found everyday. Chemistry also studies understanding the properties and interactions of individual atoms in order to apply this knowledge at the macroscopic level. According to modern chemistry, physical properties are generally determined by the structure of matter at the atomic level, which in turn is determined by the force between atoms and chemical bonds (Anonymous, 2012).

Chemistry plays an important role in public life because human life is never free from chemicals. Chemistry is a science that is acquired and developed based on experiments that seek answers to questions of what, why, and how natural phenomena especially with regard to the composition, structure, properties, transformations, dynamics, and energetics of substances. There are two things associated with chemical integral, ie the chemical products (chemical knowledge in the form of facts, concepts, principles, laws, and theories) findings as a scientist and a chemical process / scientific work (Dafrizal, 2009).


2.1 Development of Chemistry in Academia

This chemistry has been there since the ancient times, the time a primitive people still think they can not cope with the difficulties that come from nature such as earthquakes, floods and so forth, so they tend to adore what caused the trouble in the hope that difficulty does not happen to them again. In medieval times it turned into a mystic. The chemists thought that the magic they can make gold from copper, lead or other materials, they look for ways to transform worthless materials such as copper and so on into something valuable like gold degan method with real gold coating, for convince society of the time.
 Developing new chemistry as a science by the end of the 17th century after Antoine Lavoisier Lauzent conducted a study with a method known as "the scientific method". He conducted a quantitative study on the combustion of substances iron, tin and so forth in a tube. Apparently the result of combustion have a greater mass than the original substance before being burned, while the air pressure in the tube decreases. Lavoisier also draw the conclusion that when there is burning, there is a substance taken from the air.
From these observations, Lavoisier recognize the existence of a substance present in the air that are bound with substances that undergo combustion, substances called oxygen by Lavoisier. Lavoisier concluded that incineration is an event compounding element of a substance with oxygen from the air. Starting from this scientific method also growing rapidly. In 1665 the English scientist Robert Hooke discovered the nation's cell, in 1869 AD Friendrich Bio-chemistry expert finding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 1950 Maurice W. discovered the structure of DNA.

One of the influential people in chemistry that Robert Boyle, a pioneer of modern chemistry using controlled experiments, in contrast to previous methods of alchemy.

The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of combustion. Fire is a mystical power that transform one substance into another, and therefore a main concern of mankind. The fire led to the discovery of iron man and glasses. After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, a lot of people who are interested in finding a method that can convert other substances into gold. This creates a protosains called Alchemy. Alchemy was practiced by many cultures throughout history and often contain a mixture of philosophy, mysticism, and protosains.

Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that lead to the development of modern chemistry. Over history, leading alchemist-alchemists (especially Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan and Paracelsus) developed alchemy away from philosophy and mysticism, and develop a more systematic and scientific. The first alchemists considered applying the scientific method to distinguish between alchemy and chemistry and alchemy are Robert Boyle (1627-1691). However, chemistry as we know it today was created by Antoine Lavoisier with the law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discovery of chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table of chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives a nice overview of the discovery of the chemical during the last 100 years. In the early part of the 20th century, revealed the nature of the atom and subatomic quantum mechanics began to explain the physical properties of a chemical bond. In the mid-20th century, chemistry has evolved to be able to understand and predict the biological aspects that extends to the field of biochemistry.

Various theories and findings in chemical science was reflected in a representation of macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic. Representation is the language of chemical science. Chemical experts use it to communicate and to develop thinking skills, process skills or scientific method. These three aspects of the representation of the information contained chemical concepts are interconnected (Anonymous, 2012).

Judging from these facts, the chemical has been linked closely to the development of chemistry. So right when chemical used as one of the influential science in education. Further study of nature, not only to see nature in terms of diversity, but also how diversity can be formed. Many circumstances in nature that at first glance looks great but has a remarkable composition. As halnnya hydrogen as one of the most abundant element in nature (75%) compared to helium and other elements.

Currently, the chemical is often described as the center of science. Where the geology require chemical as one of supporting the learning, as well as physics, biology, astronomy and other natural sciences. But what about the math? Most would think that math has nothing to do with chemistry. But if we examine further, then the relationship will look like. Mathematical calculations often use the symbol (=) to show the results of a calculation. Furthermore, the symbol (=) symbol associated with ---) as a sign of the ongoing process of a reaction.
Mathematics also use the law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier) in the method of calculations. The law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier) "In a closed system, the mass of substances before and after the reaction is the same as" an example of 1 +1 +1 = 3. That is, the value of the number on the left (3) the same as those on the right (3). So clearly, how chemistry plays a role in education, especially the influence of education on all applied sciences (Kalsikarboni Gresikanti, 2011).

2.2 Areas In Chemistry.
Along with the development of science and technology progresses, the science of chemistry had become increasingly difficult to control, so the science of Chemistry is generally divided into several key areas. There are also some areas that are more specialized in chemistry.


Five key areas of chemistry:

Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods can be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry.

Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that occur in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology, physiology, and genetics.
Inorganic Chemistry examines the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The difference between organic and inorganic field is not absolute and there is much overlap, especially in the field of organometallic chemistry.

Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on carbon chains.

Physical Chemistry examines the physical basis of chemical systems and processes, particularly the energetics and dynamics of these systems and processes. Important areas in this study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of calculus in deriving equations, and is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry.


Fields of chemistry which overlaps one or more of five key areas:

Chemical Materials regarding how to prepare, characterize, and understand the workings of a material with practical utility.

Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). Specifically, the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of World War II, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with (theoretical and experimental) condensed matter physics and molecular physics.

Nuclear Chemistry examines how subatomic particles combine to form the core. Modern Transmutation is the largest part of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an outcome as well as the device for this field.

Chemistry of Organic Natural Products organic compounds studied were synthesized naturally by nature, particularly living things.

Another area include astrokimia, molecular biology, electrochemistry, pharmacology, phytochemicals, photochemistry, molecular genetics, geochemistry, materials science, chemical flow, atmospheric chemistry, solid chemistry, green chemistry, the core chemistry, medicinal chemistry, computational chemistry, environmental chemistry , organometallic chemistry, surface chemistry, polymer chemistry, chemical supramolekular, nanotechnology, petrochemical, chemical history, sonochemical, chemical, and thermochemical (Anonymous, 2012).

2.3 The Right Attitude To Overcoming Chemistry Development Education In Which The Evolving Science.
Chemistry is also an area that is intellectually exciting and challenging, and is suitable for those who are interested to see the world around them from the perspective of molecules! Chemical sciences study the nature and features of different substances, and changes that occur when combined.

Chemistry is often called the central science because across all branches of the natural and physical sciences. Chemistry is also central to many new and exciting technologies, including nanotechnology and drug design and development.

In the college level, most institutions offer chemistry as main subjects in the study program Bachelor of Science (Bachelor of Science). In general degree, students often combines the study of chemistry with other disciplines such as biology, physics, electronics, geology, mathematics and computers. You can even combine chemistry degree with other programs, for example, a Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering).

From the explanation above, we can see the chemistry was very spacious and very important role in human life. Therefore, through the learning of chemistry, we are equipped with skills on how to figure out (how to know) and how to do (how to do) that can help students to understand the environment in depth and support problem solving skills (higher-order thinking skills).

Through the inquiry, a number of thinking skills and techniques used to investigate (Investigating) and understanding (making sense) nature, among other things: asking questions that can be answered through direct observation and experimentation or through the analysis of information and data collection; compare (Comparing), summarizes (summarizing), classification (classifying), interpreting (interpreting), criticize (critising), seeking assumptions (looking for Assumptions), imagining (imagining), collecting and organizing data (collecting and organizing data), hypothesize (hypothesizing), application of the facts and principles in new situations, making decisions (decision making) and a design project or investigation (designing projects or investigations). So as a chemistry graduate, you are part of a discipline that is important for progress in many areas of science and technology (Farida, 2009).




CHAPTER III
CLOSING



3.1 Conclusion
The conclusion of this paper is as follows:

1. The chemistry has been there since the ancient times, where as a primitive people still think about the events that occur in nature and even connected in the smell of things mystical. Developing new chemistry as a science by the end of the 17th century with the discovery by scientists to rapidly growing until now.

2. Some branches of inter-field and branches that are more specialized in chemistry. Branch in question, among others:
- The main branch is analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry's.
- Branch - the branch of Chemical Sciences which overlaps one or more of the five main branches of materials chemistry, theoretical chemistry, nuclear chemistry and organic chemistry of natural products.

3. What we need to do to adapt or adjust to the development of increasingly rapid chemistry is to make a fun chemistry as a science. That way, we would be more inclined to learn more about chemistry, so we will not miss information on the progress of chemistry that the longer growing rapidly.


3.2 Advice
The suggestion of this paper is as follows:

1. As the nation especially in chemistry we can hopefully make a beneficial change and development in the world of education is growing.

2. Chemistry should not only serve as an addition to the curriculum, but also as a means of supporting life. This paper has also discussed about the common branches and specialized branches of chemistry.

3. Should we as students need to perform early adaptation to the development of chemistry in the field of education, for the development of science education will never be interrupted and will continue to evolve.

Makalah Integrasi HIMASKI FKIP UNTAD, by 6 group