CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Chemistry is a branch of science
that studies the material, composition of matter, properties of matter, and
matter and energy changes that accompany these changes. This chemistry has been
growing rapidly since time immemorial. Every scientists are racing to create
something new up until now has been a lot of discoveries that are useful in
everyday life (Erwan, 2012).
Today, the chemical often used as
an applied science are more likely to be used as a method of processing the
material. However, for most people who are interesting and processing is not a
theory of the chemistry itself.
In this paper, we describe the
origin or history of chemistry, its parts and how the role of chemistry in
education so that we could be closer to chemistry. In Basic Chemistry One, has
been described in a book compiled by Theodore L. Brown (University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign), H. Eugene Lemay, JR (University of Nevada, Reno), Bruce
E. Bursten (University of Tennessee, Knoxville), Catherine J. Murphy
(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), and Patrick M. Woodward (The Ohio
State University) entitled "Chemistry The Central Science" has made
it clear how important chemistry is not just in the world of industry and technology,
but also in education.
The paper is structured to give
attention to the development of chemistry in the field of education. In
addition, to add insight to the reader to be more aware branches of existing
general and special chemistry.
1.2 Problem Formulation
The formulation of the problem in
this paper is as follows:
1. How is the development of
chemistry in science education?
2. What are the general and
specific areas contained in chemistry?
3. What should be done to address
developments in the science of chemistry education is growing?
1.3 Objectives
The purpose of making this paper
is as follows:
1. Knowing the chemical
developments in science education.
2. Can find general and specific
fields contained in the chemical sciences.
3. Knowing the right attitude to
cope with developments in the science of chemistry education is growin
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
Chemistry (from Arabic: كيمياء, transliteration: Kimiya
= change of objects / substances or Greek: χημεία, transliteration: khemeia) is
the study of the composition, structure, and properties or materials from
atomic to molecular scale, and change or transformation and interaction them to
form material found everyday. Chemistry also studies understanding the
properties and interactions of individual atoms in order to apply this
knowledge at the macroscopic level. According to modern chemistry, physical
properties are generally determined by the structure of matter at the atomic
level, which in turn is determined by the force between atoms and chemical bonds
(Anonymous, 2012).
Chemistry plays an important role
in public life because human life is never free from chemicals. Chemistry is a
science that is acquired and developed based on experiments that seek answers
to questions of what, why, and how natural phenomena especially with regard to
the composition, structure, properties, transformations, dynamics, and
energetics of substances. There are two things associated with chemical
integral, ie the chemical products (chemical knowledge in the form of facts, concepts,
principles, laws, and theories) findings as a scientist and a chemical process
/ scientific work (Dafrizal, 2009).
2.1 Development of Chemistry in
Academia
This chemistry has been there
since the ancient times, the time a primitive people still think they can not
cope with the difficulties that come from nature such as earthquakes, floods
and so forth, so they tend to adore what caused the trouble in the hope that
difficulty does not happen to them again. In medieval times it turned into a
mystic. The chemists thought that the magic they can make gold from copper,
lead or other materials, they look for ways to transform worthless materials
such as copper and so on into something valuable like gold degan method with
real gold coating, for convince society of the time.
Developing new chemistry as
a science by the end of the 17th century after Antoine Lavoisier Lauzent
conducted a study with a method known as "the scientific method". He
conducted a quantitative study on the combustion of substances iron, tin and so
forth in a tube. Apparently the result of combustion have a greater mass than
the original substance before being burned, while the air pressure in the tube
decreases. Lavoisier also draw the conclusion that when there is burning, there
is a substance taken from the air.
From these observations,
Lavoisier recognize the existence of a substance present in the air that are
bound with substances that undergo combustion, substances called oxygen by
Lavoisier. Lavoisier concluded that incineration is an event compounding
element of a substance with oxygen from the air. Starting from this scientific
method also growing rapidly. In 1665 the English scientist Robert Hooke
discovered the nation's cell, in 1869 AD Friendrich Bio-chemistry expert finding
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 1950 Maurice W. discovered the structure of DNA.
One of the influential people in
chemistry that Robert Boyle, a pioneer of modern chemistry using controlled
experiments, in contrast to previous methods of alchemy.
The roots of chemistry can be
traced to the phenomenon of combustion. Fire is a mystical power that transform
one substance into another, and therefore a main concern of mankind. The fire
led to the discovery of iron man and glasses. After gold was discovered and became
a precious metal, a lot of people who are interested in finding a method that
can convert other substances into gold. This creates a protosains called
Alchemy. Alchemy was practiced by many cultures throughout history and often
contain a mixture of philosophy, mysticism, and protosains.
Alchemists discovered many
chemical processes that lead to the development of modern chemistry. Over
history, leading alchemist-alchemists (especially Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan and
Paracelsus) developed alchemy away from philosophy and mysticism, and develop a
more systematic and scientific. The first alchemists considered applying the
scientific method to distinguish between alchemy and chemistry and alchemy are
Robert Boyle (1627-1691). However, chemistry as we know it today was created by
Antoine Lavoisier with the law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discovery
of chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the
periodic table of chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry created
in 1901 gives a nice overview of the discovery of the chemical during the last
100 years. In the early part of the 20th century, revealed the nature of the
atom and subatomic quantum mechanics began to explain the physical properties
of a chemical bond. In the mid-20th century, chemistry has evolved to be able
to understand and predict the biological aspects that extends to the field of
biochemistry.
Various theories and findings in
chemical science was reflected in a representation of macroscopic, microscopic,
and symbolic. Representation is the language of chemical science. Chemical
experts use it to communicate and to develop thinking skills, process skills or
scientific method. These three aspects of the representation of the information
contained chemical concepts are interconnected (Anonymous, 2012).
Judging from these facts, the
chemical has been linked closely to the development of chemistry. So right when
chemical used as one of the influential science in education. Further study of
nature, not only to see nature in terms of diversity, but also how diversity
can be formed. Many circumstances in nature that at first glance looks great
but has a remarkable composition. As halnnya hydrogen as one of the most
abundant element in nature (75%) compared to helium and other elements.
Currently, the chemical is often
described as the center of science. Where the geology require chemical as one
of supporting the learning, as well as physics, biology, astronomy and other
natural sciences. But what about the math? Most would think that math has
nothing to do with chemistry. But if we examine further, then the relationship
will look like. Mathematical calculations often use the symbol (=) to show the
results of a calculation. Furthermore, the symbol (=) symbol associated with
---) as a sign of the ongoing process of a reaction.
Mathematics also use the law of
conservation of mass (Lavoisier) in the method of calculations. The law of
conservation of mass (Lavoisier) "In a closed system, the mass of substances
before and after the reaction is the same as" an example of 1 +1 +1 = 3.
That is, the value of the number on the left (3) the same as those on the right
(3). So clearly, how chemistry plays a role in education, especially the
influence of education on all applied sciences (Kalsikarboni Gresikanti, 2011).
2.2 Areas In Chemistry.
Along with the development of
science and technology progresses, the science of chemistry had become
increasingly difficult to control, so the science of Chemistry is generally
divided into several key areas. There are also some areas that are more
specialized in chemistry.
Five key areas of chemistry:
•
Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an
understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry
incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods can
be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical
chemistry.
•
Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical
interactions that occur in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry
are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry
is also associated with molecular biology, physiology, and genetics.
•
Inorganic Chemistry examines the properties and reactions of inorganic
compounds. The difference between organic and inorganic field is not absolute
and there is much overlap, especially in the field of organometallic chemistry.
• Organic
chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms,
and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any
compound based on carbon chains.
•
Physical Chemistry examines the physical basis of chemical systems and
processes, particularly the energetics and dynamics of these systems and
processes. Important areas in this study include chemical thermodynamics,
chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy.
Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry
involves the use of calculus in deriving equations, and is usually associated
with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry.
Fields of chemistry which
overlaps one or more of five key areas:
•
Chemical Materials regarding how to prepare, characterize, and understand the
workings of a material with practical utility.
•
Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical
reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). Specifically, the
application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry.
Since the end of World War II, the development of computers has allowed a
systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of
developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems.
Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with (theoretical and experimental)
condensed matter physics and molecular physics.
• Nuclear
Chemistry examines how subatomic particles combine to form the core. Modern
Transmutation is the largest part of nuclear chemistry, and the table of
nuclides is an outcome as well as the device for this field.
•
Chemistry of Organic Natural Products organic compounds studied were
synthesized naturally by nature, particularly living things.
Another area include astrokimia,
molecular biology, electrochemistry, pharmacology, phytochemicals,
photochemistry, molecular genetics, geochemistry, materials science, chemical
flow, atmospheric chemistry, solid chemistry, green chemistry, the core
chemistry, medicinal chemistry, computational chemistry, environmental
chemistry , organometallic chemistry, surface chemistry, polymer chemistry,
chemical supramolekular, nanotechnology, petrochemical, chemical history,
sonochemical, chemical, and thermochemical (Anonymous, 2012).
2.3 The Right Attitude To
Overcoming Chemistry Development Education In Which The Evolving Science.
Chemistry is also an area that is
intellectually exciting and challenging, and is suitable for those who are
interested to see the world around them from the perspective of molecules!
Chemical sciences study the nature and features of different substances, and
changes that occur when combined.
Chemistry is often called the
central science because across all branches of the natural and physical
sciences. Chemistry is also central to many new and exciting technologies,
including nanotechnology and drug design and development.
In the college level, most
institutions offer chemistry as main subjects in the study program Bachelor of
Science (Bachelor of Science). In general degree, students often combines the
study of chemistry with other disciplines such as biology, physics,
electronics, geology, mathematics and computers. You can even combine chemistry
degree with other programs, for example, a Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical
Engineering).
From the explanation above, we
can see the chemistry was very spacious and very important role in human life.
Therefore, through the learning of chemistry, we are equipped with skills on
how to figure out (how to know) and how to do (how to do) that can help
students to understand the environment in depth and support problem solving
skills (higher-order thinking skills).
Through the inquiry, a number of
thinking skills and techniques used to investigate (Investigating) and understanding
(making sense) nature, among other things: asking questions that can be
answered through direct observation and experimentation or through the analysis
of information and data collection; compare (Comparing), summarizes
(summarizing), classification (classifying), interpreting (interpreting),
criticize (critising), seeking assumptions (looking for Assumptions), imagining
(imagining), collecting and organizing data (collecting and organizing data),
hypothesize (hypothesizing), application of the facts and principles in new
situations, making decisions (decision making) and a design project or
investigation (designing projects or investigations). So as a chemistry
graduate, you are part of a discipline that is important for progress in many
areas of science and technology (Farida, 2009).
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
The conclusion of this paper is
as follows:
1. The chemistry has been there
since the ancient times, where as a primitive people still think about the
events that occur in nature and even connected in the smell of things mystical.
Developing new chemistry as a science by the end of the 17th century with the
discovery by scientists to rapidly growing until now.
2. Some branches of inter-field
and branches that are more specialized in chemistry. Branch in question, among
others:
- The main branch is analytical
chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical
chemistry's.
- Branch - the branch of Chemical
Sciences which overlaps one or more of the five main branches of materials
chemistry, theoretical chemistry, nuclear chemistry and organic chemistry of
natural products.
3. What we need to do to adapt or
adjust to the development of increasingly rapid chemistry is to make a fun
chemistry as a science. That way, we would be more inclined to learn more about
chemistry, so we will not miss information on the progress of chemistry that
the longer growing rapidly.
3.2 Advice
The suggestion of this paper is
as follows:
1. As the nation especially in
chemistry we can hopefully make a beneficial change and development in the
world of education is growing.
2. Chemistry should not only
serve as an addition to the curriculum, but also as a means of supporting life.
This paper has also discussed about the common branches and specialized
branches of chemistry.
3. Should we as students need to
perform early adaptation to the development of chemistry in the field of
education, for the development of science education will never be interrupted
and will continue to evolve.
Makalah Integrasi HIMASKI FKIP UNTAD, by 6 group
Saya mendengar bahwa tubuh kita membutuhkan sedikit
unsur logam. Akan tetapi, tubuh kita terutama terdiri dari senyawa organik.
Mengapa tubuh kita membutuhkan unsur logam?Bagaimana unsur logam bekerja dalam
tubuh kita?